References
Species are selected based on three types of information. First, hardiness is considered. The hardiness zone is determined based on state and city, and all species that are not sufficiently hardy are eliminated from consideration. Second, mature height is considered. Users are asked to specify minimum and maximum heights, and species outside of that range are eliminated. Finally, nine environmental factors are considered in the rankings created by i-Tree Species:
- Air pollution removal
- VOC emissions
- Air temperature reduction
- Ultraviolet radiation reduction
- Carbon storage
- Pollen allergenicity
- Building energy conservation
- Wind reduction
- Stream flow reduction (stormwater management)
Location, climate variables, height ranges, and environmental function rankings are all user-defined variables. Data that is inherent to the application, such as hardiness zones, tree height at maturity, and a species ability to provide environmental functions, is stored within the i-Tree Species database. The database was created in cooperation with Horticopia, Inc (2007) and includes about 1,600 tree species.
The species database covers a broad range of native, naturalized and exotic trees, some of which are commonly planted in urban areas. Since only city hardiness zone, tree height and user functional preferences are used to produce the list, there may well be many species on the list that are unsuitable to the local context for a variety of reasons. A species may have particular structural, drainage, sun, pest, or soil pH limitations that should exclude it from use. Furthermore, since many native and exotic species are included, items may appear that are simply not available in the local trade.
For these reasons, the list should be considered a beginning rather than an end. The list will need to be whittled down to meet local needs and limitations. Relevant cultural needs should be taken into account as well.
Additional data for each tree species, including invasiveness and pest risk, is reported to further guide users in their species selections.
- Invasiveness is only available for the U.S. and is determined by the location provided by users. Tree species are reported as invasive (yes = X) based on local invasive species lists. Invasive species lists were compiled at the state level. These lists are not exhaustive and they cover invasive species of varying degrees of invasiveness and distribution. Note: For states where an invasive species list was not available, the lists from surrounding states were used.
- Alabama: Alabama Invasive Plant Council (2007)
- Alaska: Alaska National Heritage Program (2014)
- Arizona: Arizona Wildland Invasive Plant Working Group (2005)
- Arkansas: Jardine and Witsell
- California: California Invasive Species Advisory Committee (2010)
- Connecticut: Connecticut Invasive Plant Working Group (2013)
- Colorado: Colorado Weed Management Association (2012)
- Delaware: McAvoy (2001)
- Florida: Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council (2007)
- Georgia: Georgia Exotic Pest Plant Council (2006)
- Hawaii: Hawaii State Alien Species Coordinator (2012)
- Idaho: based on lists for Oregon (Oregon Invasive Species Council 2014) and Nevada (Stoddard et al)
- Illinois: Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health (2009)
- Indiana: Indiana Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (2007)
- Iowa: Forest Invasive Plants Resource Center (2006); Iowa Department of Natural Resources
- Kansas: Kansas Native Plant Society (2006)
- Kentucky: Kentucky Exotic Pest Plant Council (2013)
- Louisiana: based on lists for Arkansas (Jardine and Witsell), Texas (Watershed Protection Development Review), and Mississippi (Winters et al; Mississippi Exotic Pest Plant Council 2014)
- Maine: Maine Legislature (2000); Maine Department of Agriculture, Conservation, and Forestry (2013)
- Massachusetts: Massachusetts Invasive Plant Advisory Group (2005)
- Maryland: Maryland Invasive Species Council (2014a, 2014b)
- Michigan: Michigan Natural Features Inventory (2014)
- Minnesota: Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (2014a, 2014b)
- Mississippi: Winters et al; Mississippi Exotic Pest Plant Council (2014)
- Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden (2002)
- Montana: based on list for North Dakota (North Dakota Department of Agriculture)
- Nebraska: Nebraska Invasive Species Advisory Council
- Nevada: Stoddard et al
- New Hampshire: New Hampshire Department of Agriculture (2012, 2014); Cygan (2011)
- New Jersey: The Native Plant Society of New Jersey (2004); Ling (2003)
- New Mexico: based on lists for Arizona (Arizona Wildland Invasive Plant Working Group 2005), Colorado (Colorado Weed Management Association 2012), and Texas (Watershed Protection Development Review)
- New York: New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
- North Carolina: Smith (2008); North Carolina Native Plant Society (2010)
- North Dakota: North Dakota Department of Agriculture
- Ohio: Ohio Division of Natural Areas and Preserves (2000)
- Oklahoma: Oklahoma Native Plant Society et al
- Oregon: Oregon Invasive Species Council (2014)
- Pennsylvania: Department of Conservation and Natural Resources
- Rhode Island: Rhode Island Invasive Species Council and Rhode Island Natural History Survey (2001)
- South Carolina: South Carolina Exotic Pest Plant Council (2008)
- South Dakota: based on lists for Minnesota (Minnesota Department of Natural Resources 2014a, 2014b), Nebraska (Nebraska Invasive Species Advisory Council), and North Dakota (North Dakota Department of Agriculture)
- Tennessee: Tennessee Exotic Pest Plant Council (2009)
- Texas: Watershed Protection Development Review
- Utah: based on lists for Arizona (Arizona Wildland Invasive Plant Working Group 2005), Colorado (Colorado Weed Management Association), and Nevada (Stoddard et al)
- Vermont: Vermont Invasive Exotic Plant Committee (2005); The Nature Conservancy (2011)
- Virginia: Virginia Native Plant Society and Department of Conservation and Recreation (2009)
- Washington: based on list for Oregon (Oregon Invasive Species Council 2014)
- West Virginia: Grafton (2003)
- Wisconsin: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (2012a, 2012b)
- Wyoming: based on lists for Colorado (Colorado Weed Management Association 2012) and Nebraska (Nebraska Invasive Species Advisory Council)
- Pest risk is only available for the U.S. and is based on pest host lists and ranges. The insects and diseases reported indicate that the tree species is a host to that pest and the pest’s range covers the location provided by the user. Range maps are derived from the Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team (2014) and can be viewed at the Insect & Disease Detection Survey Data Explorer. Pest data is available for the following insects and diseases:
| Common Name | Scientific Name |
|---|---|
| Asian Longhorned Beetle | Anoplophora glabripennis |
| Aspen Leafminer | Phyllocnistis populiella |
| Balsam Woolly Adelgid | Adelges piceae |
| Beech Bark Disease | Neonectria faginata |
| Butternut Canker | Sirococcus clavigignenti juglandacearum |
| Dogwood Anthracnose | Discula destructiva |
| Douglas-Fir Beetle | Dendroctonus pseudotsugae |
| Douglas-fir Black Stain Root Disease | Leptographium wageneri var. pseudotsugae |
| Emerald Ash Borer | Agrilus planipennis |
| Fir Engraver | Scolytus ventralis |
| Fusiform Rust | Cronartium quercuum f. sp. Fusiforme |
| Goldspotted Oak Borer | Agrilus auroguttatus |
| Gypsy Moth | Lymantria dispar |
| Hemlock Woolly Adelgid | Adelges tsugae |
| Jeffrey Pine Beetle | Dendroctonus jeffreyi |
| Large Aspen Tortrix | Choristoneura conflictana |
| Laurel Wilt | Raffaelea lauricola |
| Mountain Pine Beetle | Dendroctonus ponderosae |
| Northern Spruce Engraver | Ips perturbatus |
| Oak Wilt | Ceratocystis fagacearum |
| Pine Black Stain Root Disease | Leptographium wageneri var. ponderosum |
| Pine Shoot Beetle | Tomicus piniperda |
| Port-Orford-Cedar Root Disease | Phytophthora lateralis |
| Sirex Wood Wasp | Sirex noctilio |
| Southern Pine Beetle | Dendroctonus frontalis |
| Spruce Beetle | Dendroctonus rufipennis |
| Spruce Budworm | Choristoneura fumiferana |
| Sudden Oak Death | Phytophthora ramorum |
| Thousand Canker Disease | Geosmithia morbida |
| Western Pine Beetle | Dendroctonus brevicomis |
| Western Spruce Budworm | Choristoneura occidentalis |
| White Pine Blister Rust | Cronartium ribicola |
| Chestnut Blight | Cryphonectria parasitica |
| Dutch Elm Disease | Ophiostoma novo-ulmi |
| Winter Moth | Operophtera brumata |
For more information on the detailed methods of the application and a complete list of included species, please go to https://www.itreetools.org/species/resources/SpeciesSelectorMethod.pdf.
Sources
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